Carbon Storage

Woman pointing to a project map
The Second Step

After the CO2 is compressed, it is transported through a short pipe to an injection site near the Milton R. Young Station. There, it is sent more than a mile underground to be stored safely and permanently in North Dakota's ideal geologic formations.

Project Tundra 3-D rendering and geologic depth graphic
The carbon storage process
Carbon storage process illustration
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Injection site

After CO2 is captured from the Young Station and compressed, it is transported to a nearby injection site.

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Freshwater aquifer and saline formations

The injected CO2 safely descends to the storage zone, which is nearly a mile from sources of drinking water. The CO2 is locked into the storage zone by impermeable cap rock, which has been thoroughly researched and studied.

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Storage zone

The COtravels 5,000 to 10,000 feet underground specially designed piping. When it meets the selected storage zone, the CO2 spreads out into the permeable sandstone rock layer.

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Impermeable cap rock

The CO2 rises in the storage zone, but it is stopped and held by impermeable cap rock above and below the permeable sandstone layer. Over time, the injected CO2 dissolves onto the rock grains, trapping it further.

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Injection and monitoring

Specially designed piping is used to safely transport and inject CO2 approximately one mile underground in geologic formations. The injection and storage sites are continuously monitored using both fiberoptic and ultrasonic technologies to ensure the CO2 remains in place and operations are conducted safely and efficiently.

Impermeable Rock Rendering Graphic
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Impermeable cap rock

The CO₂ rises in the rock layer, but it is stopped and held by impermeable cap rock above (and below) the permeable sandstone. Over time, the injected CO₂ dissolves and begins to mineralize onto the rock grains, trapping it further.

Watch the process
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ideal geology

Can CO2 storage be successful in North Dakota?

Absolutely. North Dakota has ideal geology for carbon storage. Carbon storage professionals will only select storage zones that tick all the boxes of SAFE and PERMANENT storage. Fortunately, such a site is located near the Young Station – eliminating the need to pipe captured CO₂ many miles away to an approved storage location. Project Tundra’s site is already permitted and is currently the largest CO₂ storage facility in the U.S.

Project Tundra’s CO₂ storage facility offers these necessary attributes:
CONTAINMENT – sealing or cap rocks above the storage zone
CAPACITY – more than enough space to hold all of the injected CO₂
STABILITY – no perceptible geologic faults in the surrounding rock
DEPTH – ample barriers between the storage zone and sources of drinking water
CHEMISTRY – rock compatible with CO₂ injection
PRESSURE – injection pressure won’t break rock layers

Project Tundra Test Well Aerial
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project monitoring

How is the storage site monitored?

Before a storage project can be approved by the North Dakota regulatory authority, the project team must first provide proof that the permanent storage container is safe. Plans must be created (and defended) for:

  • Safe injection and monitoring
  • Leak detection and reporting
  • Risk assessment and mitigation
  • Post-injection site care and closure

Five Areas of Continuous Monitoring

  • Ensure correct injection pressure
  • Monitor for potential leaks
  • Confirm CO₂ moves as predicted
  • Monitor environmental conditions with regular surface and groundwater testing
  • Continue monitoring at least 10 years after the CO₂ stops moving
Milton R. Young Station at sunset
Geology Blue Icon
ideal geology

Can CO2 storage be successful in North Dakota?

Absolutely. North Dakota has ideal geology for carbon storage. In fact, the state has the capacity to safely store 252 billion tons of CO2 underground – equivalent to 50 years of all energy-related CO2 emissions in the United States. Project Tundra is fortunate that safe and permanent CO2 storage is available in geologic formations directly beneath the capture facility – eliminating the need to pipe captured CO₂ many miles away to an approved storage location. Project Tundra’s site is already permitted and is currently the largest CO₂ storage facility in the U.S.

Project Tundra’s CO₂ storage facility offers these necessary attributes:

  • CONTAINMENT – Impermeable cap rocks above and below the storage zones
  • CAPACITY – more than enough space to hold all of the injected CO₂
  • STABILITY – no perceptible geologic faults in the surrounding rock
  • DEPTH – significant barriers between the storage zone and sources of drinking water
  • CHEMISTRY – formations compatible with CO₂ injection
Project Tundra testing well
Regulations Icon Blue Outline
project monitoring

How is the storage site monitored?

Before a storage project can be approved by the North Dakota regulatory authority and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the project team must first provide proof that the permanent storage facility is safe. Plans must be approved for:

  • Safe injection and monitoring
  • Leak detection and reporting
  • Risk assessment and mitigation
  • Post-injection site care and closure

Five Areas of Continuous Monitoring

  • Ensure correct injection pressure
  • Consistent monitoring for any potential issues
  • Monitor the movement of CO2 throughout operations
  • Monitor environmental conditions of the surface and groundwater
  • Continue monitoring at least 10 years after injection
Milton R. Young Station at sunset